![]() French colonial rule was in turn interrupted in 1940 when the Japanese invaded Vietnam. Following this victory, Vietnam itself began to expand southwards at the expense of Champa, a kingdom whose remnants were ultimately incorporated into Vietnam by the early nineteenth century.įurther Vietnamese expansion was halted only by the French, who forcibly established themselves as colonial masters at the end of the nineteenth century. During the centuries that followed the Vietnamese repelled three invasions by the fearsome Mongols and resisted further Chinese attempts to regain control, finally defeating a vast invasion force sent by the Chinese Ming Dynasty in the fifteenth century. Vietnam was ruled by China for almost a millennia before gaining independence in the tenth century. The war against the United States was, therefore, seen by many Vietnamese as another in series of conflicts for independence dating back almost a thousand years. Those on the other side, however, thought of themselves more as nationalists fighting against foreign invaders and colonialists. The Americans and their allies saw the Vietnam War as part of a struggle against international communism. ![]() The Vietnamese communists and 'the American War'
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